Top 30 Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering Interview Questions You Must Prepare 29.Mar.2024

The 8085 is a 8bit processor & the 8086 is a 16bit processor. In 8085 we can't do Multiplication or division by using single instruction but in 8086 we can do that. So that we may know that the 8086 is the superior version of 8085.

Because the input current of the tristor controls the output current, for example in CE configuration base current Ib controls the output current Ic.

simulator is just software which act like a hardware.inside that u can see all the electonics component ,u can connect thenm in different manner and can simulate o/p as well as normal hardware do.emulator is actual hardware before performing test on real kit we can test on emulator which is exact copy of real kit on which we r willing to work.

A process used to determine the differential pressure present within a liquid-filled space.The formula for determining the differential pressure within a wet leg design is: d/p = h (SG)

Where: d/p = differential pressure, h = height of liquid present, and SG = specific gravity

When the process vapors condense at normal ambient temperatures or are corrosive, this reference leg can be filled to form a wet leg. If the process condensate is corrosive, unstable, or undesirable to use to fill the wet leg, this reference leg can be filled with an inert liquid.

  • Ensure that you have the necessary document on your hand such as PTW.
  • Connect a HART Communicator, then close the Tx isolation valve and open the VENT isolation to atmosphere.
  • Apply LRV and check w/ HART Comm, if the LRV is out, perform TRIM function using HART 375/47@

Synchronous circuits have common clock and operate utilizing the same. Whereas a aynchronous circuits have different clock frequencies and operate without mutual co-ordination.

A closed control loop in a very basic manner consists of  sensor, trmitter, controller,signal converters and final control elements.Actually in a practical loop there will be many other instruments apart from this to support the working of above mentioned instruments.

Differancial pressure me differanc between high pressure & low pressure.

delta pressure me it is the pressure drop..

When an AC excitation signal is applied to the Primary Coil (P), voltages are induced in the two Secondary Coils (S). 

The MAGNETIC CORE inside the COIL WINDING ASSEMBLY provides the magnetic flux path linking the Primary and secondary Coils.Since the two voltages are of opposite polarity, the Secondary Coils are connected series opposing in the center, or Null Position. The output voltages are equal and opposite in polarity and, therefore, the output voltage is zero. The Null Position of an LVDT is extremely stable and repeatable.

When the MAGNETIC CORE is displaced rom the Null Position, an electromagnetic imbalance occurs. This imbalance generates a differential AC output voltage across the Secondary Coils which is linearly proportional to the direction and magnitude of the displacement.As shown in the figure, when the MAGNETIC CORE is moved from the Null Position, the induced voltage in the Secondary Coil, toward which the Core is moved, increases while the induced voltage in the opposite Secondary Coil decreases.

LVDTs possess the inherent ruggedness and durability of a trformer and truly provide infinite resolution in all types of environments. As a result of the superior reliability and accuracy of LVDTs, they are the ideal choice for linear motion control.

Signal me information. Wave is something that carries the information from source to destination.

Packages provide protection to the silicon die from the elements like radiation temperature moisture etc.It is also required to form the body of the device which will eventually help in interfacing it to a system.

flip flop is edge triggered,where as latch is level triggered.gate is used as control signal in latch.In FF clock is used as control input.

  • In 8085 processor TRAP is a non maskable interrupt.Whereas RST 7.5,6.5,5.5, intr are maskable interrupts.
  • Maskable me this interrupts can be left without considering during the execution of the program.
  • Non maskable depicts that it has to be taken into account during the execution of the program

In closed systems, the trmitter location is restricted by the maximum allowable distance above the lower tap. In pressurized systems, this is the same as the 1 atmosphere equivalent seen previously. In sub-atmospheric systems (vacuum systems), the trmitter should be mounted at or below the lower tap. This ensures the trmitter always sees a positive pressure on both the measurement and the reference sides. 

In two seal systems, the distance between the taps becomes the reference offset from zero. The calculations are the same regardless of where the trmitter is mounted.

Cryogenic me to work in lower temperature range (-50 and below than that).

This meter uses the Coriolis effect to measure the amount of mass moving through the element. The substance to be measured runs through a U-shaped tube that is caused to vibrate in a perpendicular direction to the flow. Fluid forces running through the tube interact with the vibration, causing it to twist. The greater the angle of the twist, the greater the flow.

CNC (Computer Numerical Control) is a particular application usually to control a multi axis machine tool such as a milling machine or a lathe but also could be a tube bending machine punch press or similar. The CNC controller is usually a purpose built controller using a micro computer but could be a general purpose computer or a PLC. The forerunner was NC (Numerical Control) before computers were readily available, it used solid state logic and relays, timers etc to provide the application.

A PLC (Programable Logic Controller) is a general purpose logic controller specifically designed to allow the user to create their own application. They select appropriate I/O (Inputs Outputs) and perhaps function modules for purposes such as communications and multi axis servo control and program the PLC to perform the required functions.

Following are the mode of control. Ratio Control, PID Control, PI Control, ON/OFF Control, Cascade Control,Override Control, Feedback Control, Feed Froward Control.
These control are can be set in to MAN and AUTO Mode, If this in MANUAL the mode of control is disable, If this is in AUTO the mode of control is enable.

Pressure will be added up a bit more, see its detail:

  1. Suppose,you want to install a pressure trmitter 10 meter below of pipe line.
  2. Density of methane (Examlpe) 0.656 kg/m3 at 25C.
  3. your pressure trmitter will show (10 x 1000 x0.656 = 6560mm) 6569 mm of water pressure more.
  4. Suppose gas pressure is 20Kg/cm2, then due to this elevation, trmitter will show 20.66Kg/cm2

milli meter water column used to measure pressure

BCD me Binary coded decimal, its advantage is it can represent decimal numbers in the form of binary value says (0000-0 to 1001-9).

Binary codes are divided into weighted binary code and non weighted binary code,Excess 3 code is an example of non weighted codes since the position of each bits in excess 3 code does not have weights says like ones, tens, hundred in decimal and 2^0,2^1,2^2, in binary.

In Digital two states known as '0' & '1'. Apart from these two we have another state that known as "Tristate".

i.e. In digital '0' for 0V to max of 0.4 to 0.8 V. '1' is taken account if it is minimum of sum 2.4V to max 5.0V. In between these 0.8V to 2.4V is known as "Tristate".

Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS), is a major class of integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in chips such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for a wide variety of analog circuits such as image sensors, data converters, and highly integrated trceivers for many types of communication.

CMOS is also sometimes explained as complementary-symmetry metal–oxide–semiconductor. The words "complementary-symmetry" refer to the fact that the typical digital design style with CMOS uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFETs for logic functions.

Two important characteristics of CMOS devices are high noise immunity and low static power supply drain. Significant power is only drawn when its tristors are switching between on and off states; consequently, CMOS devices do not produce as much heat as other forms of logic such as TTL (tristor-tristor logic). CMOS also allows a high density of logic functions on a chip.

The triple compound "metal–oxide–semiconductor" is a reference to the nature of the physical structure of early (and interestingly now, the very latest) field-effect tristors, having a metal gate electrode placed on top of an oxide insulator, which in turn is on top of a semiconductor material. Instead of metal, current gate electrodes (including those up to the 65 nanometer technology node) are almost always made from a different material, polysilicon, but the terms MOS and CMOS nevertheless continue to be used for the modern descendants of the original process. (See also MOSFET.) Metal gates have made a comeback with the advent of high-k dielectric materials in the CMOS tristor as announced by IBM and Intel for the 45 nanometer node and beyond.

zero will be -400mm and span will be LRV will be -400mm and  URV will be 0 mm.

Because we cannot detect open loop if 0-20 is used.

various types of valves are used in industrial process controls.Various types of valves are ball valve,gate valve,globe valve,needle valve,mixing valve,diverting valve,butterfly valve etc.

The CE mark is a mandatory European marking for certain product groups to indicate conformity with the essential health and safety requirements set out in European Directives. The letters 'CE' are an abbreviation of Conformité Européenne,French for European conformity.

The CE mark must be affixed to a product if it falls under the scope of the approx. 20 so called 'New Approach' Directives. Without the CE marking, and thus without complying with the provisions of the Directives, the product may not be placed in the market or put into service in the fifteen member states of the European Union and Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.

However, if the product meets the provisions of the applicable European Directives, and the CE mark is affixed to a product, these countries may not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing in the market or putting into service of the product.

So, the way you would go about doing square root extraction is by using an analog multipler. An analog multiplier has three inputs Vx, Vy & Vz. The output is given by Vo = (Vx*Vy)/Vz; If we set Vy = 1V and Vo = Vz through a feedback loop, we get Vo.^2 = Vx => Vo = sqrt(Vx). 

In OPAMP, we have 4 stages, 1st stage, i.e the input stage is a dual i/p balanced o/p opamp whose i/p resistance is v high. and if we use FET in case of BJT for 1st stage diffamp, then i/p resistance will be v high in M ohms.