The disadvantages of a mixed economy really depend on how "mixed" it is. For instance, if it is mixed more towards a free-market, there is little regulation (some may see this as a good, though), but if it is mixed more towards a command economy, the control may stifle growth.
Mixed economies can also have different characteristics. Each of these will share a different set of disadvantages. A will stifle profits due to its high tax structure, but will encourage new ideas due to its low regulation (this could result in many weird effects such as an economy comprised almost solely of small, well-niche businesses).
B will encourage profits, but due to its regulation, some new ideas (and some growth) will be stifled. For instance, if environmental regulations are strict, the building of new plants or refineries might be lowered. This could result in a small number of very large and profitable businesses.
Inflation me an overall increase in the prices of goods and services. It is a decrease in the value of a currency. There are three types of measurement, Core Inflation, CPI, and WPI. Core Inflation is a measurement of non-volatile goods such as food and non-precious metals.
It leaves out goods like oil because oils price is subject to wild fluctuations. CPI is the most common measurement, using a market basket of goods and measuring their price from a point in the past (a CPI of 100 is arbitrarily the same price level for 1982-1984). Thus, the equation is (Price of most recent market basket/price of same market basket in 1982-1984) X 100.
The 100 is to give us the number we normally see. WPI is Wholesale Price Index. It is a measure of wholesalers prices and is generally considered a pre-cursor to what CPI will be (as it takes time for goods to read the consumer).
Chartered Accountants work in all fields of business and finance. Some are engaged in public practice work, others work in the private sector and some are employed by government bodies.
Trade discount is normally given to the regular customers who are buying the products in large numbers. It can be like if you buy 100 numbers we will give you 10 numbers free or buy for Rs.1500/- and get 150/- worth free.
Discount is similar to above but will be given for Credit customers like if you pay within one week 15%, within 15 days 10% and more than 15 days no discount.
Rebate is like buy for 70/- and pay only Rs65/-.
It assigns costs based on the price elasticity of demand. Yet higher the elasticity (elastic), the lower the charge of fixed costs when allocated amongst products.
Income which is received or deemed to be received in ABC in the previous year:
Short term capital assets are those assets which are held by an assessee for not more than 36 months, immediately prior to its date of trfer.
But in the following cases an asset help for not more than 12 months is treated as short term capital asset:
Gratuity is the amount payable by the employer to the employee as recognition for the long term association of the employee with the employer.
It may be payable by the employer in two ways:
But in both the cases the treatment will be different. The amount paid by the employer to the employee on his retirement is taxed as 'Income from Salaries' while the amount paid by the employer on the death of the employee is taxed as 'Income from Other Sources'.
The idea of hum as capital me that hum have a certain worth to a company (or society). Education increases that worth, making individuals more able to contribute to a company (or to society).
Therefore, investing in Education... in your employees, for instance, is worthwhile because then your employees increase their value to you, as an employer. In a general sense, society sinvestment in educational programs increases peoples value to society in general.
Real Account : Debit what comes in Credit what goes out
Nominal Account : Debit all expenses and lossesCredit all incomes and gains
Personal Account : Debit the giver Credit the received
Real Account : Debit what comes in Credit what goes out
Nominal Account : Debit all expenses and losses Credit all incomes and gains
Personal Account : Debit the Receiver Credit the giver.
Strategic management used to play a different after the Second Word War. Strategic pl of the past usually range 3 to 5 years. Some companies could even have pl for 10 good years. That is not possible today given rapid evolution of our society.
Tax incidence can be divided into:
The tax incidence is decided by the elasticity of demand and supply for a good or service.
It is called as Balance of payments - an economic term. (BOP) measures the payments that flow between any individual country and all other countries. It is used to summarize all international economic tractions for that country during a specific time, usually a year.
The BOP is determined by the countrys exports and imports of goods, services, and financial capital, as well as financial trfers. It reflects all payments and liabilities to foreigners (debits) and all payments and obligations received from foreigners (credits).
The term Personal includes:
The main conditions required are:
The social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study human aspects of the world. They diverge from the arts and humanities in that the social sciences tend to emphasize the use of the scientific method in the study of humanity, including quantitative and qualitative methods.
Economics is clearly a human phenomenon. Even though some topics in economics, such as game theory, are used in the natural sciences and mathematics, economics remains a study of purely human phenomenon.
H.R.A depends upon the following:
Individual is treated as Resident and Ordinarily Resident if he satisfies any one of the basic conditions and both the following additional conditions.
Basic Conditions:
Additional Conditions:
Superannuation fund is an employee welfare scheme which is usually applicable in case of very senior employees. When the employee ceases to be the employee, employee's contribution, employer's contribution and the interest thereon is paid to the employee and in case of death of the employee to the legal heirs of the employee.
Economics is usually defined as the problem of how best to distribute limited resources, limited because wants are characterized as unlimited, but common sense tells us that rather than limited resources, there is an abundance of resources. The difference is one of perspective and this is core to any alternative understanding of economics.
If wants are the focus, then of course resources are limited by definition, but if minimum needs or essentials are used as the foundation, then resources are seen to be abundant. The difference is between a description and an explanation. A focus on wants or desires describes a market situation, while a focus on essentials or needs allows an explanation of choices to begin.
Pension is a periodical payment received by the employee from the employer after he ceases to be the employee. It is taxed as Salary.
Calculation of pension is done in two forms:
Non government employees can avail exemption to a certain extent: